Which of the following best describes common cognitive changes in aging?

The best description of common cognitive changes in aging is that individuals may experience short-term memory difficulties, while often retaining their long-term memory capabilities. As people age, it is normal for them to have challenges with new information or recalling recent events, which can affect short-term memory. However, long-term memories, which can include earlier experiences and knowledge accumulated over time, typically remain intact.

This differentiated memory function is recognized in gerontology, where aging is understood to bring about specific cognitive changes rather than a blanket decline across all cognitive functions. Most older adults can still recall information from their past and maintain a wealth of knowledge and experience, indicating that long-term retention remains largely resilient.

The other options do not accurately reflect the cognitive changes typically observed in older adults. Rapid memory loss would suggest a more severe condition, which is not a general characteristic of aging. Improved problem-solving abilities contradicts findings, as some cognitive decline may lead to more challenges in complex problem-solving situations. Finally, a complete loss of executive functioning is not representative of typical aging; instead, many older adults experience some decline in executive functions but do not lose these capabilities entirely.